Create a Java Constant Variable (Static/Final Keywords)

A constant is a  variable  whose value cannot change once it has been assigned. Java doesnt have built-in support for constants, but the variable modifiers  static and final can be used to effectively create one. Constants can make your program more easily read and understood by others. In addition, a constant is cached by the JVM as well as your application, so using a constant can improve performance.   Static Modifier This allows a variable to be used without first creating an instance of the class; a static class member is associated with the class itself, rather than an object. All class instances share the same copy of the variable. This means that another application or main() can easily use it. For example, class myClass contains a static variable days_in_week: public class myClass {    static int days_in_week 7;} Because this variable is static, it can be used elsewhere without explicitly creating a myClass object: public class myOtherClass {      static void main(String[] args) {          System.out.println(myClass.days_in_week);    } } Final Modifier The final modifier means that the variables value cannot change. Once the value is assigned, it cannot be reassigned.   Primitive data types (i.e., int, short, long, byte, char, float, double, boolean) can be made immutable/unchangeable using the final modifier. Together, these modifiers create a constant variable. static final int DAYS_IN_WEEK 7; Note that we declared DAYS_IN_WEEK in all caps  once we added the final modifier. Its a long-standing practice among Java programmers to define constant variables in all caps, as well as to separate words with underscores. Java doesnt require this formatting but it makes it easier for anyone reading the code to immediately identify a constant.   Potential Problems With Constant Variables The way the final keyword works in Java is that the variables pointer to the value cannot change. Lets repeat that:  its the pointer that cannot change the location to which its pointing. Theres no guarantee that the object being referenced will stay the same, only that the variable will always hold a reference to the same object. If the referenced object is mutable (i.e. has fields that can be changed), then the constant variable may contain a value other than what was originally assigned.

Food Stamps, And There Importance Within Society. Food

Food stamps, and there importance within society Food stamps or other words known as Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program, or SNAP play a critical part in today’s society. More than 46 million American’s rely on food stamps to get through their everyday life. This program kept 4.9 million people out of poverty in 2012 not to mention the over 2 million kids. Food stamps are a voucher from the government for those on low income, exchangeable for food. Many families that have a large number of members, families that only have one single parent responsible for the entire income, or even the disabled which are unable to work rely heavily on this service just to keep food on the table. Furthermore, this is why this†¦show more content†¦To support the farmers, the Federal government bought farm commodities at a discounted price and distributed them among hunger relief agencies in states and local communities. The first Food stamp was issued in 1939 called the â€Å"Food Stamps Plan,† was implemented in 1 939 under the reign of Franklin D. Roosevelt as a variable of his New Deal program. Food assistance was made available to low-income individuals through the purchase of food stamps. Citizens in the program bought booklets of orange stamps to buy food and household items like starch, and soap but the stamps could not be used to buy alcohol, tobacco or foods eaten at stores. For every $1 in orange stamps, an additional $0.50 of blue stamps was given to people. Blue stamps could be used to buy foods in the grocery store including dry beans, flour, corn meal, eggs and fresh vegetables. Participants were required to buy the stamps so that money allocated for food purchases would not be spent on items that are not food. The program ended in 1943, as World War II and the economic boom significantly decreased the number of people living in poverty in the United States. Although in 1961 the Food Stamp program was re-introduced by President John F. Kennedy but tampered a little by eliminati ng the idea of stamps for surplus foods. Fast forward to 1977 and major changes to the food stamp act were made like restricted access toShow MoreRelatedPoverty And Its Effects On Poverty1554 Words   |  7 Pages Poverty is a remarkably persistent problematic social challenge within the United States that has far-reaching implications. The magnitude and perplexity of poverty and its instigates are a massive predicament of both ethical and economic concern that has many proportions, which demands the country’s immediate attention. Poverty is an idiom that is generally used to describe a condition or state in which a person or society lacks the monetary resources and necessities to enjoy a minimum basic qualityRead MoreThe Hunger Games By Suzanne Collins1081 Words   |  5 PagesIs society capable of living in a flawless world, in a true utopia? 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James Mellart discovered the site in 1958 and led excavations from 1961- 1965. In 1993, excavations were resumed led by Ian Hodder. The book reviewed is Çatalhà ¶yà ¼k: The Leopard’sRead MoreEssay The Abuse of the Welfare System9684 Words   |  39 Pagesrequire for basic needs is in excess of their salary (Welfare (financial aid)). This program helped many families survive during The Great Depression and still helps families survive today. Welfare, which was once meant to help individuals reenter society, has been abused and manipulated. The abuse of the Welfare System has become a serious problem. Many dependent persons rely mainly on welfare for their sole source of income to support their family, rather then finding a job and supporting their familyRead MoreSchwartz-Nobel, Loretta. 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The example that is of paramount importance is when Sethe, the protagonist of the story, murders her child in order to save the child from a life of slavery. WhileRead More`` A Good Man Is Hard, And Ha Jin s, Under The Red Flag1115 Words   |  5 Pagesliterary community. Legendary writers such as Edgar Allen Poe, Flannery O’Connor, Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, and many more have paved the way for writers such as Ha Jin and Phil Klay who write today. Now, although one could speak on the importance of each of these tremendous writers, the focus in paper will be on two writings being that of Flannery O’Connor’s, â€Å"A Good Man Is Hard To Find† and Ha Jin’s, â€Å"Under The Red Flag†. Now, each book contains many short stories that encapture readers

Sartre and the Rationalization of Human Sexuality Essay

Sartre and the Rationalization of Human Sexuality ABSTRACT: Sartre rationalizes sexuality much like Plato. Rationalization here refers to the way Sartre tries to facilitate explanation by changing the terms of the discussion from sexual to nonsexual concepts. As a philosophy which, above all, highlights those features of human existence which seem most resistant to explanation, one would expect existentialism to highlight sexuality as a category that is crucial for considering human existence. Descartes comes immediately to mind when one focuses on Sartres major categories. In Sartres case however, it is not mind and matter but consciousness and its opposite: nothingness and being. This irreducible dualism is the key to the†¦show more content†¦All reality is either consciousness or non-conscious being. However, this Cartesianism is qualified by a dialectic derived from Hegel and by Hegelian concepts and explicated through a phenomenological method influenced by Husserl. Yet the net effect of Sartres picture of sexuality is surprisingly platonic; it is what Plato might be expected to say if he had published his position after World War II. Sartres philosophy is presented in his major work, Being and Nothingness, subtitled, An Essay on Phenomenological Ontology. (1) Hazel Barnes notes in her introduction that Sartre is one of the few philosophers in the twentieth century to produce a complete philosophical system. This system is presented in Being and Nothingness. The terms in the title refer to the two primary constituents of reality: being, which is non-conscious, and the negation of being, which is the way Sartre conceives of consciousness. This consciousness of being is examined by a method called phenomenological, which suggests that no pretension is being made to uncover the ultimate nature of reality in a metaphysics, but that Sartre intends to describe as accurately as possible the structures of reality as it appears. The dichotomy of being and nothingness is a new version of platonic and cartesian dualism with several severe qualifications.Show MoreRelatedCnps 365 Midterm 1 Notes Essay3947 Words   |  16 PagesChapter 4 5 Psychoanalytic Therapy †¢ Sigmund Freud. †¢ Freuds psychoanalytical system = model of personality development, approach to psychotherapy †¢ Often a benchmark used for other theories †¢ Freudian view of human nature = deterministic †¢ Behaviour determined by irrational forces, unconscious motivations 0biological/instinctual drives, evolve through key psycho sexual stages in first 6 years of life †¢ Instincts central †¢ Libido = energy of all life instincts †¢ Libido, source of motivationRead MoreFrom Salvation to Self-Realization18515 Words   |  75 PagesConsumption: Critical Essays in American History, 18801980, ed. by Richard Wightman Fox and T.J. Jackson Lears, New York: Pantheon Books, 1-38. Reprinted with the permission of the author. 1On or about December 1910, Virginia Woolf once said, human character changed. This hyperbole contains a kernel of truth. Around the turn of the century a fundamental cultural transformation occurred within the educated strata of Western capitalist nations. In the United States as elsewhere, the bourgeois

Dyslexi A Learning Disability Characterized By Difficulty

Dyslexia is a learning disability characterized by difficulty in reading fluently, as well as comprehending what is read, even in the absence of any other disabilities and with a normal IQ. There are several categories in which individuals with dyslexia may have trouble, such as language skills, phonological decoding and awareness, verbal comprehension, rapid naming, processing, and auditory short-term memory. One factor that stands out with dyslexia and one that causes a lot of controversy is the definition. These can include symptoms-based definitions, other problems that lead to literacy difficulties, and a working definition agreed upon by the Health Council of the Netherlands, which states â€Å" Dyslexia is present when the automatization of word identification (reading) and/or spelling does not develop or does so very incompletely or with great difficulty.† (Smythe, 2011) This definition provides a broad explanation that does not touch on specific causes and avoids any stigmatizing language in order to better serve those affected with dyslexia. The etiology of dyslexia is vast and varied. Although the fact that it is neurological is well-known, several causes can be attributed to it, such as environmental, cognitive, behavioral, and biological reasons. Dyslexia can also be acquired, which means it can appear later in life. Because of this, there are debates within the scientific community, with research being performed such as brain scans and other procedures to

Moral Accountability Essay Example For Students

Moral Accountability Essay Morality depends on the ability of an individual to choose between good and evil, thus, entailing freedom of the will and the moral responsibility of the individual for his actions. It is obvious this is so for the individual, but what about groups and governments? Do they have the ability to choose between good and evil, do they have free will and therefore are they subject to the same paradigms of morality as the individual or does an autonomous morality apply. What if we relate this concept of morality to a present day moral dilemma? Such as should the United States government fire cruise missiles at Serbian cities in order to force the government of Serbia to comply with NATO demands of withdrawal from Kosovo? What moral questions should be asked? Further yet, as we are members of a representative democracy, do the citizens bear any of the responsibility of the governments actions? Am I responsible for the government I choose? Being that it is the actions of a governments we wish to question the morality of, we must know what the present justification for or against the launch of cruise missiles at Serbia and what the consequences of that decision would be. It can be conjectured that the official rational of the United States government in its decision to use cruise missiles on Serbia is based on cost/benefit analysis of what would be in the best interest of the nation and the worlda utilitarian morality. The Serbian government has invaded and seeks to undermine the sovereignty of Kosovo while using genocidal tactics to control the population. The US is acting on what it believes to be the greatest good for the greatest number. But who is the government to place a market value on human life? Is it moral and does the government have the right to place such a value on human life? And who is responsible for their decision? The official utilitarian rationale of the United States government does place a market value on human life Kant writes: Now morality is the condition under which alone a rational being can be an end in himself, for only thereby can he be a legislating member in the kingdom of ends, survival of the individual in a group is the end. If we are to treat men otherwise, as a means to an end, we must make that a categorical imperative and we must treat it as if that action will be a universal law of nature laws to live by). Hence, to do harm to others, to place a market value on man, would be immoral since it would harm humanity. Likewise, it is immoral for the United States to sacrifice ten thousand lives in hope of saving more. It must be asked what if everyone sacrificed ten thousand lives?. According to Kants theory of the Universal law, We must be able to will that a maxim of our action become universal law, this is the canon for morally estimating any of our actions (Kant). Perhaps it is a touch ironic that the very document the US was founded on reads: We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. This, like Kants moral philosophy of universal maxims, proclaims that man has intrinsic absolute value. Yet, so quickly are we ready to disregard this declaration as our cost benefit analysis dictates. Slavery was abolished on the principle of the absolute value of man. Why should we disregard this now? Do we suspend the unalienable rights to life whenever it would be most prudent? The 24 Hours Essay It must be remembered that by lowering the value of life of others, we at the same time lower our own value. Governments and institutions are composed of a completely different dynamic than that of the individual. This leaves man curious as to whether to obey the same set of morals. These moral issues lead to the question of whether .

Impact of Motivational Theories on an Organization-Free-Sample

Question: Analyse key motivational theories and how they may influence organisational success. Answer: Introduction Motivation is a crucial factor that impacts employee performance. Motivation drives employees to perform to the best of their abilities. Motivated employees perform better and this eventually leads to accomplishment of organizational objectives [1](Lazaroiu, 2015). Leaders of the organization hence use various strategies to ensure that employees remain motivated. Few key motivational theories are as below: Maslows motivational theory This is the most widely used motivational theory given by Maslow. This theory creates a hierarchy of needs for individuals. This hierarchy defines that physiological needs take precedence over all other needs [2](Niemela, 2014). This theory can be applied in organizations by leaders by ensuring that the self-actualization and esteem needs of individuals are fulfilled. In order to fulfill the same, they must be allotted responsibilities that help in their personal growth, development and learning as well as accomplishment of organizational goals. McClellands motivational theory This theory states that every human has three predominant needs and the leaders of the organization must ensure that these needs are fulfilled. Employees must be rewarded for their work, they must be given leadership roles from time to time and they must be given opportunities to work in team. This fulfills their needs and this is what motivates employees to work hard and fulfill their goals[3] (McClelland, 2015). Herzbergs Motivational factors Herzberg has tried to understand the motivational theory by establishing the exact factors that motivate employees and keep them satisfied in an organization. These factors are called satisfiers. However, there are factors which lead to employee dissatisfaction and these are called hygiene. The organizations must aim to change these hygiene factors into motivation factors. All these factors depend on the organizational culture. Therefore, as leaders it is imperative that the culture of the firm motivates employees to work hard and this is possible only if they are satisfied. Goal setting theory This theory states that in order to motivate employees they must have clear goals. These are the ultimate targets that employees are expected to accomplish and this is what motivates employees. The leaders of the organization must set SMART goals for their employees [4] (Locke, 2013). That are specific, measurable, achievable, realistic and time bound. It is very important that employee targets motivate employees rather than discouraging them. Self-Efficacy theory This theory lays emphasis on individual employees belief about themselves, trust in their abilities and what they think of themselves. This theory states that leaders must work to motivate employees to believe in themselves. Self-efficacy theory and goal setting theory go hand in hand. Once the goals have been set for the employees, they must be achieved and once these goals are accomplished they enhance the employees belief in their own abilities. When managers set high goals for their employees, it is an explicit gesture of stating their trust in the employee. Which in turn motivates employees to perform better. Intrinsic rewards Intrinsic rewards are forms of recognizing employees for their hard work. These rewards are not tangible and hence more crucial when used as forms of motivating employees. These include giving employees a sense of purpose, enabling them to face healthy competition within the organization, having them believe in their capabilities and publicly recognizing jobs well done. Such measures by the top management motivate employees to work hard and fulfill their goals. References Lazaroiu, G. (2015). Employee Motivation and Job Performance.Linguistic and Philosophical Investigations,14, 97. Niemela, P., Kim, S. (2014). Maslows Hierarchy of Needs. InEncyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research (pp. 3843-3846). Springer Netherlands McClelland, D. C. (2015). Achievement motivation theory.Organizational behavior,1, 46-60. Locke, E. A., Latham, G. P. (Eds.). (2013).New developments in goal setting and task performance. Routledge. Lazaroiu, G. (2015). Employee Motivation and Job Performance.Linguistic and Philosophical Investigations,14, 97. Niemela, P., Kim, S. (2014). Maslows Hierarchy of Needs. InEncyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research (pp. 3843-3846). Springer Netherlands. McClelland, D. C. (2015). Achievement motivation theory.Organizational behavior,1, 46-60. Locke, E. A., Latham, G. P. (Eds.). (2013).New developments in goal setting and task performance. Routledge.

The Problem of Speech Genres

The excerpt â€Å"the problem of speech genres† explores the infinite diversity of speech. The manner in which a speech is delivered is said to be unique in every sense or piece of literary work. Speech is said to only have relevance in its immediate context. Once the style and words used in the delivery of a certain speech are moved to another domain, they become irrelevant.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Problem of Speech Genres specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This inconsistency makes the classification of the types of speech into definite levels difficult. Styles that are common to certain professions or disciplines may give insight into the general orientation of the orator. The genres and styles have a relationship that cannot be changed or modified. In addition, the excerpt argues that style is complex and that it determines the nature of the grammar used in a specific speech. The author stipul ates that communication is the ultimate goal of an utterance and the entire speech. The listener should construct a response according to his or her understanding of the utterances in the speech. The author articulates that an utterance must have a comprehensive meaning and should not be confused for sentences. The excerpt argues that styles used by a speaker are likely to be related to one unique genre. However, the entire speech is related to a standard language common to many people. The author emphasizes that the orator has to have a certain degree of familiarity with the discipline in question to be able to formulate the most apt composition of the speech. Furthermore, words in a speech are given their appropriate meaning by the utterance in which they are contained. In this regard, their primary meaning in the language is discarded. In addition, each utterance must be able to provide a link between preceding and the succeeding ideas in a speech. The orator continuously evaluat es previous utterances in order to construct a meaningful speech. Once the orator understands the current situation, he or she can create a succeeding utterance. The author succeeds in expressing the diversity of styles of speech in relaying verbal information. The details of a speech are explained and their unique nature extracted. In addition, the author explains the most effective way of creating a communication link using speech.Advertising Looking for essay on rhetoric? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Although the author breaks down speech communication into its details, the relationship between various styles is not explored. Consequently, this seems to depict genres and different styles as independent languages. This essay on The Problem of Speech Genres was written and submitted by user Aiyana Hurst to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.